x86_cpuid_info.c

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/****************************/
/* THIS IS OPEN SOURCE CODE */
/****************************/
 
/* 
* File:    x86_cpuid_info.c
* Author:  Dan Terpstra
*          terpstra@eecs.utk.edu
*          complete rewrite of linux-memory.c to conform to latest docs
*          and convert Intel to a table driven implementation.
*          Now also supports multiple TLB descriptors
*/
 
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "papi.h"
#include "papi_internal.h"
 
static void init_mem_hierarchy( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info );
static int init_amd( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info, int *levels );
static short int _amd_L2_L3_assoc( unsigned short int pattern );
static int init_intel( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info , int *levels);
 
#if defined( __amd64__ ) || defined (__x86_64__)
static inline void
cpuid( unsigned int *a, unsigned int *b, unsigned int *c, unsigned int *d )
{
    unsigned int op = *a;
    __asm__("cpuid;"
        : "=a" (*a), "=b" (*b), "=c" (*c), "=d" (*d)
        : "a" (op) );
}
#else
static inline void
cpuid( unsigned int *a, unsigned int *b, unsigned int *c, unsigned int *d )
{
    unsigned int op = *a;
    // .byte 0x53 == push ebx. it's universal for 32 and 64 bit
    // .byte 0x5b == pop ebx.
    // Some gcc's (4.1.2 on Core2) object to pairing push/pop and ebx in 64 bit mode.
    // Using the opcode directly avoids this problem.
  __asm__ __volatile__( ".byte 0x53\n\tcpuid\n\tmovl %%ebx, %%esi\n\t.byte 0x5b":"=a"( *a ), "=S"( *b ), "=c"( *c ),
                          "=d"
                          ( *d )
  :                   "a"( op ) );
}
#endif
 
int
_x86_cache_info( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info )
{
    int retval = 0;
    union
    {
        struct
        {
            unsigned int ax, bx, cx, dx;
        } e;
        char vendor[20];               /* leave room for terminator bytes */
    } reg;
 
    /* Don't use cpu_type to determine the processor.
     * get the information directly from the chip.
     */
    reg.e.ax = 0;            /* function code 0: vendor string */
    /* The vendor string is composed of EBX:EDX:ECX.
     * by swapping the register addresses in the call below,
     * the string is correctly composed in the char array.
     */
    cpuid( &reg.e.ax, &reg.e.bx, &reg.e.dx, &reg.e.cx );
    reg.vendor[16] = 0;
    MEMDBG( "Vendor: %s\n", &reg.vendor[4] );
 
    init_mem_hierarchy( mh_info );
 
    if ( !strncmp( "GenuineIntel", &reg.vendor[4], 12 ) ) {
            init_intel( mh_info, &mh_info->levels);
    } else if ( !strncmp( "AuthenticAMD", &reg.vendor[4], 12 ) ) {
      init_amd( mh_info, &mh_info->levels );
    } else {
        MEMDBG( "Unsupported cpu type; Not Intel or AMD x86\n" );
        return PAPI_ENOIMPL;
    }
 
    /* This works only because an empty cache element is initialized to 0 */
    MEMDBG( "Detected L1: %d L2: %d  L3: %d\n",
            mh_info->level[0].cache[0].size + mh_info->level[0].cache[1].size,
            mh_info->level[1].cache[0].size + mh_info->level[1].cache[1].size,
            mh_info->level[2].cache[0].size + mh_info->level[2].cache[1].size );
    return retval;
}
 
static void
init_mem_hierarchy( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info )
{
    int i, j;
    PAPI_mh_level_t *L = mh_info->level;
 
    /* initialize entire memory hierarchy structure to benign values */
    for ( i = 0; i < PAPI_MAX_MEM_HIERARCHY_LEVELS; i++ ) {
        for ( j = 0; j < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS; j++ ) {
            L[i].tlb[j].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY;
            L[i].tlb[j].num_entries = 0;
            L[i].tlb[j].associativity = 0;
            L[i].cache[j].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY;
            L[i].cache[j].size = 0;
            L[i].cache[j].line_size = 0;
            L[i].cache[j].num_lines = 0;
            L[i].cache[j].associativity = 0;
        }
    }
}
 
static short int
_amd_L2_L3_assoc( unsigned short int pattern )
{
    /* From "CPUID Specification" #25481 Rev 2.28, April 2008 */
    short int assoc[16] =
        { 0, 1, 2, -1, 4, -1, 8, -1, 16, -1, 32, 48, 64, 96, 128, SHRT_MAX };
    if ( pattern > 0xF )
        return -1;
    return ( assoc[pattern] );
}
 
/* Cache configuration for AMD Athlon/Duron */
static int
init_amd( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info, int *num_levels )
{
    union
    {
        struct
        {
            unsigned int ax, bx, cx, dx;
        } e;
        unsigned char byt[16];
    } reg;
    int i, j, levels = 0;
    PAPI_mh_level_t *L = mh_info->level;
 
    /*
     * Layout of CPU information taken from :
     * "CPUID Specification" #25481 Rev 2.28, April 2008 for most current info.
     */
 
    MEMDBG( "Initializing AMD memory info\n" );
    /* AMD level 1 cache info */
    reg.e.ax = 0x80000005;   /* extended function code 5: L1 Cache and TLB Identifiers */
    cpuid( &reg.e.ax, &reg.e.bx, &reg.e.cx, &reg.e.dx );
 
    MEMDBG( "e.ax=%#8.8x e.bx=%#8.8x e.cx=%#8.8x e.dx=%#8.8x\n",
            reg.e.ax, reg.e.bx, reg.e.cx, reg.e.dx );
    MEMDBG
        ( ":\neax: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nebx: %#x %#x %#x %#x\necx: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nedx: %#x %#x %#x %#x\n",
          reg.byt[0], reg.byt[1], reg.byt[2], reg.byt[3], reg.byt[4],
          reg.byt[5], reg.byt[6], reg.byt[7], reg.byt[8], reg.byt[9],
          reg.byt[10], reg.byt[11], reg.byt[12], reg.byt[13], reg.byt[14],
          reg.byt[15] );
 
    /* NOTE: We assume L1 cache and TLB always exists */
    /* L1 TLB info */
 
    /* 4MB memory page information; half the number of entries as 2MB */
    L[0].tlb[0].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
    L[0].tlb[0].num_entries = reg.byt[0] / 2;
    L[0].tlb[0].page_size = 4096 << 10;
    L[0].tlb[0].associativity = reg.byt[1];
 
    L[0].tlb[1].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
    L[0].tlb[1].num_entries = reg.byt[2] / 2;
    L[0].tlb[1].page_size = 4096 << 10;
    L[0].tlb[1].associativity = reg.byt[3];
 
    /* 2MB memory page information */
    L[0].tlb[2].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
    L[0].tlb[2].num_entries = reg.byt[0];
    L[0].tlb[2].page_size = 2048 << 10;
    L[0].tlb[2].associativity = reg.byt[1];
 
    L[0].tlb[3].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
    L[0].tlb[3].num_entries = reg.byt[2];
    L[0].tlb[3].page_size = 2048 << 10;
    L[0].tlb[3].associativity = reg.byt[3];
 
    /* 4k page information */
    L[0].tlb[4].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
    L[0].tlb[4].num_entries = reg.byt[4];
    L[0].tlb[4].page_size = 4 << 10;
    L[0].tlb[4].associativity = reg.byt[5];
 
    L[0].tlb[5].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
    L[0].tlb[5].num_entries = reg.byt[6];
    L[0].tlb[5].page_size = 4 << 10;
    L[0].tlb[5].associativity = reg.byt[7];
 
    for ( i = 0; i < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS; i++ ) {
        if ( L[0].tlb[i].associativity == 0xff )
            L[0].tlb[i].associativity = SHRT_MAX;
    }
 
    /* L1 D-cache info */
    L[0].cache[0].type =
        PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA | PAPI_MH_TYPE_WB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_PSEUDO_LRU;
    L[0].cache[0].size = reg.byt[11] << 10;
    L[0].cache[0].associativity = reg.byt[10];
    L[0].cache[0].line_size = reg.byt[8];
    /* Byt[9] is "Lines per tag" */
    /* Is that == lines per cache? */
    /* L[0].cache[1].num_lines = reg.byt[9]; */
    if ( L[0].cache[0].line_size )
        L[0].cache[0].num_lines = L[0].cache[0].size / L[0].cache[0].line_size;
    MEMDBG( "D-Cache Line Count: %d; Computed: %d\n", reg.byt[9],
            L[0].cache[0].num_lines );
 
    /* L1 I-cache info */
    L[0].cache[1].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
    L[0].cache[1].size = reg.byt[15] << 10;
    L[0].cache[1].associativity = reg.byt[14];
    L[0].cache[1].line_size = reg.byt[12];
    /* Byt[13] is "Lines per tag" */
    /* Is that == lines per cache? */
    /* L[0].cache[1].num_lines = reg.byt[13]; */
    if ( L[0].cache[1].line_size )
        L[0].cache[1].num_lines = L[0].cache[1].size / L[0].cache[1].line_size;
    MEMDBG( "I-Cache Line Count: %d; Computed: %d\n", reg.byt[13],
            L[0].cache[1].num_lines );
 
    for ( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {
        if ( L[0].cache[i].associativity == 0xff )
            L[0].cache[i].associativity = SHRT_MAX;
    }
 
    /* AMD L2/L3 Cache and L2 TLB info */
    /* NOTE: For safety we assume L2 and L3 cache and TLB may not exist */
 
    reg.e.ax = 0x80000006;   /* extended function code 6: L2/L3 Cache and L2 TLB Identifiers */
    cpuid( &reg.e.ax, &reg.e.bx, &reg.e.cx, &reg.e.dx );
 
    MEMDBG( "e.ax=%#8.8x e.bx=%#8.8x e.cx=%#8.8x e.dx=%#8.8x\n",
            reg.e.ax, reg.e.bx, reg.e.cx, reg.e.dx );
    MEMDBG
        ( ":\neax: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nebx: %#x %#x %#x %#x\necx: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nedx: %#x %#x %#x %#x\n",
          reg.byt[0], reg.byt[1], reg.byt[2], reg.byt[3], reg.byt[4],
          reg.byt[5], reg.byt[6], reg.byt[7], reg.byt[8], reg.byt[9],
          reg.byt[10], reg.byt[11], reg.byt[12], reg.byt[13], reg.byt[14],
          reg.byt[15] );
 
    /* L2 TLB info */
 
    if ( reg.byt[0] | reg.byt[1] ) {    /* Level 2 ITLB exists */
        /* 4MB ITLB page information; half the number of entries as 2MB */
        L[1].tlb[0].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
        L[1].tlb[0].num_entries =
            ( ( ( short ) ( reg.byt[1] & 0xF ) << 8 ) + reg.byt[0] ) / 2;
        L[1].tlb[0].page_size = 4096 << 10;
        L[1].tlb[0].associativity =
            _amd_L2_L3_assoc( ( reg.byt[1] & 0xF0 ) >> 4 );
 
        /* 2MB ITLB page information */
        L[1].tlb[2].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
        L[1].tlb[2].num_entries = L[1].tlb[0].num_entries * 2;
        L[1].tlb[2].page_size = 2048 << 10;
        L[1].tlb[2].associativity = L[1].tlb[0].associativity;
    }
 
    if ( reg.byt[2] | reg.byt[3] ) {    /* Level 2 DTLB exists */
        /* 4MB DTLB page information; half the number of entries as 2MB */
        L[1].tlb[1].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
        L[1].tlb[1].num_entries =
            ( ( ( short ) ( reg.byt[3] & 0xF ) << 8 ) + reg.byt[2] ) / 2;
        L[1].tlb[1].page_size = 4096 << 10;
        L[1].tlb[1].associativity =
            _amd_L2_L3_assoc( ( reg.byt[3] & 0xF0 ) >> 4 );
 
        /* 2MB DTLB page information */
        L[1].tlb[3].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
        L[1].tlb[3].num_entries = L[1].tlb[1].num_entries * 2;
        L[1].tlb[3].page_size = 2048 << 10;
        L[1].tlb[3].associativity = L[1].tlb[1].associativity;
    }
 
    /* 4k page information */
    if ( reg.byt[4] | reg.byt[5] ) {    /* Level 2 ITLB exists */
        L[1].tlb[4].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
        L[1].tlb[4].num_entries =
            ( ( short ) ( reg.byt[5] & 0xF ) << 8 ) + reg.byt[4];
        L[1].tlb[4].page_size = 4 << 10;
        L[1].tlb[4].associativity =
            _amd_L2_L3_assoc( ( reg.byt[5] & 0xF0 ) >> 4 );
    }
    if ( reg.byt[6] | reg.byt[7] ) {    /* Level 2 DTLB exists */
        L[1].tlb[5].type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
        L[1].tlb[5].num_entries =
            ( ( short ) ( reg.byt[7] & 0xF ) << 8 ) + reg.byt[6];
        L[1].tlb[5].page_size = 4 << 10;
        L[1].tlb[5].associativity =
            _amd_L2_L3_assoc( ( reg.byt[7] & 0xF0 ) >> 4 );
    }
 
    /* AMD Level 2 cache info */
    if ( reg.e.cx ) {
        L[1].cache[0].type =
            PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED | PAPI_MH_TYPE_WT | PAPI_MH_TYPE_PSEUDO_LRU;
        L[1].cache[0].size = ( int ) ( ( reg.e.cx & 0xffff0000 ) >> 6 );    /* right shift by 16; multiply by 2^10 */
        L[1].cache[0].associativity =
            _amd_L2_L3_assoc( ( reg.byt[9] & 0xF0 ) >> 4 );
        L[1].cache[0].line_size = reg.byt[8];
/*      L[1].cache[0].num_lines = reg.byt[9]&0xF; */
        if ( L[1].cache[0].line_size )
            L[1].cache[0].num_lines =
                L[1].cache[0].size / L[1].cache[0].line_size;
        MEMDBG( "U-Cache Line Count: %d; Computed: %d\n", reg.byt[9] & 0xF,
                L[1].cache[0].num_lines );
    }
 
    /* AMD Level 3 cache info (shared across cores) */
    if ( reg.e.dx ) {
        L[2].cache[0].type =
            PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED | PAPI_MH_TYPE_WT | PAPI_MH_TYPE_PSEUDO_LRU;
        L[2].cache[0].size = ( int ) ( reg.e.dx & 0xfffc0000 ) << 1;    /* in blocks of 512KB (2^19) */
        L[2].cache[0].associativity =
            _amd_L2_L3_assoc( ( reg.byt[13] & 0xF0 ) >> 4 );
        L[2].cache[0].line_size = reg.byt[12];
/*      L[2].cache[0].num_lines = reg.byt[13]&0xF; */
        if ( L[2].cache[0].line_size )
            L[2].cache[0].num_lines =
                L[2].cache[0].size / L[2].cache[0].line_size;
        MEMDBG( "U-Cache Line Count: %d; Computed: %d\n", reg.byt[13] & 0xF,
                L[1].cache[0].num_lines );
    }
    for ( i = 0; i < PAPI_MAX_MEM_HIERARCHY_LEVELS; i++ ) {
        for ( j = 0; j < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS; j++ ) {
            /* Compute the number of levels of hierarchy actually used */
            if ( L[i].tlb[j].type != PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY ||
                 L[i].cache[j].type != PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY )
                levels = i + 1;
        }
    }
    *num_levels = levels;
    return PAPI_OK;
}
 
   /*
    * The data from this table now comes from figure 3-17 in
    *  the Intel Architectures Software Reference Manual 2A
    *  (cpuid instruction section)
    * 
    * Pretviously the information was provided by
    * "Intel® Processor Identification and the CPUID Instruction",
    * Application Note, AP-485, Nov 2008, 241618-033
    * Updated to AP-485, Aug 2009, 241618-036
    *
    * The following data structure and its instantiation trys to
    * capture all the information in Section 2.1.3 of the above
    * document. Not all of it is used by PAPI, but it could be.
    * As the above document is revised, this table should be
    * updated.
    */
 
#define TLB_SIZES 3          /* number of different page sizes for a single TLB descriptor */
struct _intel_cache_info
{
    int descriptor;                    /* 0x00 - 0xFF: register descriptor code */
    int level;                         /* 1 to PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS */
    int type;                          /* Empty, instr, data, vector, unified | TLB */
    int size[TLB_SIZES];               /* cache or  TLB page size(s) in kB */
    int associativity;                 /* SHRT_MAX == fully associative */
    int sector;                        /* 1 if cache is sectored; else 0 */
    int line_size;                     /* for cache */
    int entries;                       /* for TLB */
};
 
static struct _intel_cache_info intel_cache[] = {
// 0x01
    {.descriptor = 0x01,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 32,
     },
// 0x02
    {.descriptor = 0x02,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 2,
     },
// 0x03
    {.descriptor = 0x03,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 64,
     },
// 0x04
    {.descriptor = 0x04,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 8,
     },
// 0x05
    {.descriptor = 0x05,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 32,
     },
// 0x06
    {.descriptor = 0x06,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 8,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x08
    {.descriptor = 0x08,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 16,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x09
    {.descriptor = 0x09,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 32,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x0A
    {.descriptor = 0x0A,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 8,
     .associativity = 2,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x0B
    {.descriptor = 0x0B,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 4,
     },   
// 0x0C
    {.descriptor = 0x0C,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 16,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x0D
    {.descriptor = 0x0D,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 16,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x0E
    {.descriptor = 0x0E,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 24,
     .associativity = 6,
     .line_size = 64,
     },   
// 0x21
    {.descriptor = 0x21,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 256,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x22
    {.descriptor = 0x22,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x23
    {.descriptor = 0x23,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x25
    {.descriptor = 0x25,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x29
    {.descriptor = 0x29,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x2C
    {.descriptor = 0x2C,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 32,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x30
    {.descriptor = 0x30,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 32,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x39
    {.descriptor = 0x39,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 128,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x3A
    {.descriptor = 0x3A,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 192,
     .associativity = 6,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x3B
    {.descriptor = 0x3B,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 128,
     .associativity = 2,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x3C
    {.descriptor = 0x3C,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 256,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x3D
    {.descriptor = 0x3D,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 384,
     .associativity = 6,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x3E
    {.descriptor = 0x3E,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x40: no last level cache (??)
// 0x41
    {.descriptor = 0x41,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 128,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x42
    {.descriptor = 0x42,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 256,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x43
    {.descriptor = 0x43,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x44
    {.descriptor = 0x44,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x45
    {.descriptor = 0x45,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x46
    {.descriptor = 0x46,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x47
    {.descriptor = 0x47,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 8192,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x48
    {.descriptor = 0x48,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 3072,
     .associativity = 12,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x49 NOTE: for family 0x0F model 0x06 this is level 3
    {.descriptor = 0x49,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 16,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x4A
    {.descriptor = 0x4A,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 6144,
     .associativity = 12,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x4B
    {.descriptor = 0x4B,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 8192,
     .associativity = 16,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x4C
    {.descriptor = 0x4C,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 12288,
     .associativity = 12,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x4D
    {.descriptor = 0x4D,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 16384,
     .associativity = 16,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x4E
    {.descriptor = 0x4E,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 6144,
     .associativity = 24,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x4F
    {.descriptor = 0x4F,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 32,
     },
// 0x50
    {.descriptor = 0x50,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size = {4, 2048, 4096},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 64,
     },
// 0x51
    {.descriptor = 0x51,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size = {4, 2048, 4096},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 128,
     },
// 0x52
    {.descriptor = 0x52,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size = {4, 2048, 4096},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 256,
     },
// 0x55
    {.descriptor = 0x55,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size = {2048, 4096, 0},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 7,
     },
// 0x56
    {.descriptor = 0x56,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 16,
     },
// 0x57
    {.descriptor = 0x57,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 16,
     },
// 0x59
    {.descriptor = 0x59,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 16,
     },   
// 0x5A
    {.descriptor = 0x5A,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size = {2048, 4096, 0},
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 32,
     },
// 0x5B
    {.descriptor = 0x5B,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size = {4, 4096, 0},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 64,
     },
// 0x5C
    {.descriptor = 0x5C,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size = {4, 4096, 0},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 128,
     },
// 0x5D
    {.descriptor = 0x5D,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size = {4, 4096, 0},
     .associativity = SHRT_MAX,
     .entries = 256,
     },
// 0x60
    {.descriptor = 0x60,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 16,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x66
    {.descriptor = 0x66,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 8,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x67
    {.descriptor = 0x67,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 16,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x68
    {.descriptor = 0x68,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 32,
     .associativity = 4,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x70
    {.descriptor = 0x70,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TRACE,
     .size[0] = 12,
     .associativity = 8,
     },
// 0x71
    {.descriptor = 0x71,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TRACE,
     .size[0] = 16,
     .associativity = 8,
     },
// 0x72
    {.descriptor = 0x72,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TRACE,
     .size[0] = 32,
     .associativity = 8,
     },
// 0x73
    {.descriptor = 0x73,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TRACE,
     .size[0] = 64,
     .associativity = 8,
     },
// 0x78
    {.descriptor = 0x78,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x79
    {.descriptor = 0x79,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 128,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x7A
    {.descriptor = 0x7A,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 256,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x7B
    {.descriptor = 0x7B,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x7C
    {.descriptor = 0x7C,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 8,
     .sector = 1,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x7D
    {.descriptor = 0x7D,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x7F
    {.descriptor = 0x7F,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 2,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x80
    {.descriptor = 0x80,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },   
// 0x82
    {.descriptor = 0x82,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 256,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x83
    {.descriptor = 0x83,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x84
    {.descriptor = 0x84,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x85
    {.descriptor = 0x85,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 32,
     },
// 0x86
    {.descriptor = 0x86,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0x87
    {.descriptor = 0x87,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xB0
    {.descriptor = 0xB0,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 128,
     },
// 0xB1 NOTE: This is currently the only instance where .entries
//      is dependent on .size. It's handled as a code exception.
//      If other instances appear in the future, the structure
//      should probably change to accomodate it.
    {.descriptor = 0xB1,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size = {2048, 4096, 0},
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 8,           /* or 4 if size = 4096 */
     },
// 0xB2
    {.descriptor = 0xB2,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 64,
     },
// 0xB3
    {.descriptor = 0xB3,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 128,
     },
// 0xB4
    {.descriptor = 0xB4,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 256,
     },
// 0xBA
    {.descriptor = 0xBA,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 64,
     },   
// 0xC0
    {.descriptor = 0xBA,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA,
     .size = {4,4096},
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 8,
     },      
// 0xCA
    {.descriptor = 0xCA,
     .level = 2,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB | PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 4,
     .associativity = 4,
     .entries = 512,
     },
// 0xD0
    {.descriptor = 0xD0,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 512,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xD1
    {.descriptor = 0xD1,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xD2
    {.descriptor = 0xD2,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 4,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xD6
    {.descriptor = 0xD6,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1024,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xD7
    {.descriptor = 0xD7,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xD8
    {.descriptor = 0xD8,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 8,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xDC
    {.descriptor = 0xDC,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 1536,
     .associativity = 12,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xDD
    {.descriptor = 0xDD,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 3072,
     .associativity = 12,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xDE
    {.descriptor = 0xDE,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 6144,
     .associativity = 12,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xE2
    {.descriptor = 0xE2,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 2048,
     .associativity = 16,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xE3
    {.descriptor = 0xE3,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 4096,
     .associativity = 16,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xE4
    {.descriptor = 0xE4,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 8192,
     .associativity = 16,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xEA
    {.descriptor = 0xEA,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 12288,
     .associativity = 24,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xEB
    {.descriptor = 0xEB,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 18432,
     .associativity = 24,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xEC
    {.descriptor = 0xEC,
     .level = 3,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED,
     .size[0] = 24576,
     .associativity = 24,
     .line_size = 64,
     },
// 0xF0
    {.descriptor = 0xF0,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_PREF,
     .size[0] = 64,
     },
// 0xF1
    {.descriptor = 0xF1,
     .level = 1,
     .type = PAPI_MH_TYPE_PREF,
     .size[0] = 128,
     },
};
 
#ifdef DEBUG
static void
print_intel_cache_table(  )
{
    int i, j, k =
        ( int ) ( sizeof ( intel_cache ) /
                  sizeof ( struct _intel_cache_info ) );
    for ( i = 0; i < k; i++ ) {
        printf( "%d.\tDescriptor: %#x\n", i, intel_cache[i].descriptor );
        printf( "\t  Level:     %d\n", intel_cache[i].level );
        printf( "\t  Type:      %d\n", intel_cache[i].type );
        printf( "\t  Size(s):   " );
        for ( j = 0; j < TLB_SIZES; j++ )
            printf( "%d, ", intel_cache[i].size[j] );
        printf( "\n" );
        printf( "\t  Assoc:     %d\n", intel_cache[i].associativity );
        printf( "\t  Sector:    %d\n", intel_cache[i].sector );
        printf( "\t  Line Size: %d\n", intel_cache[i].line_size );
        printf( "\t  Entries:   %d\n", intel_cache[i].entries );
        printf( "\n" );
    }
}
#endif
 
/* Given a specific cache descriptor, this routine decodes the information from a table
 * of such descriptors and fills out one or more records in a PAPI data structure.
 * Called only by init_intel()
 */
static void
intel_decode_descriptor( struct _intel_cache_info *d, PAPI_mh_level_t * L )
{
    int i, next;
    int level = d->level - 1;
    PAPI_mh_tlb_info_t *t;
    PAPI_mh_cache_info_t *c;
 
    if ( d->descriptor == 0x49 ) {  /* special case */
        unsigned int r_eax, r_ebx, r_ecx, r_edx;
        r_eax = 0x1;         /* function code 1: family & model */
        cpuid( &r_eax, &r_ebx, &r_ecx, &r_edx );
        /* override table for Family F, model 6 only */
        if ( ( r_eax & 0x0FFF3FF0 ) == 0xF60 )
            level = 3;
    }
    if ( d->type & PAPI_MH_TYPE_TLB ) {
        for ( next = 0; next < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS - 1; next++ ) {
            if ( L[level].tlb[next].type == PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY )
                break;
        }
        /* expand TLB entries for multiple possible page sizes */
        for ( i = 0; i < TLB_SIZES && next < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS && d->size[i];
              i++, next++ ) {
//          printf("Level %d Descriptor: %#x TLB type %#x next: %d, i: %d\n", level, d->descriptor, d->type, next, i);
            t = &L[level].tlb[next];
            t->type = PAPI_MH_CACHE_TYPE( d->type );
            t->num_entries = d->entries;
            t->page_size = d->size[i] << 10;    /* minimum page size in KB */
            t->associativity = d->associativity;
            /* another special case */
            if ( d->descriptor == 0xB1 && d->size[i] == 4096 )
                t->num_entries = d->entries / 2;
        }
    } else {
        for ( next = 0; next < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS - 1; next++ ) {
            if ( L[level].cache[next].type == PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY )
                break;
        }
//      printf("Level %d Descriptor: %#x Cache type %#x next: %d\n", level, d->descriptor, d->type, next);
        c = &L[level].cache[next];
        c->type = PAPI_MH_CACHE_TYPE( d->type );
        c->size = d->size[0] << 10; /* convert from KB to bytes */
        c->associativity = d->associativity;
        if ( d->line_size ) {
            c->line_size = d->line_size;
            c->num_lines = c->size / c->line_size;
        }
    }
}
 
#if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__x86_64__)
static inline void
cpuid2( unsigned int*eax, unsigned int* ebx,
        unsigned int*ecx, unsigned int *edx,
        unsigned int index, unsigned int ecx_in )
{
    __asm__ __volatile__ ("cpuid;"
        : "=a" (*eax), "=b" (*ebx), "=c" (*ecx), "=d" (*edx)
        : "0" (index), "2"(ecx_in) );
}
#else
static inline void
cpuid2 ( unsigned int* eax, unsigned int* ebx, 
                    unsigned int* ecx, unsigned int* edx, 
                    unsigned int index, unsigned int ecx_in )
{
  unsigned int a,b,c,d;
  __asm__ __volatile__ (".byte 0x53\n\tcpuid\n\tmovl %%ebx, %%esi\n\t.byte 0x5b"
        : "=a" (a), "=S" (b), "=c" (c), "=d" (d) \
        : "0" (index), "2"(ecx_in) );
  *eax = a; *ebx = b; *ecx = c; *edx = d;
}
#endif
 
 
static int
init_intel_leaf4( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info, int *num_levels )
{
 
  unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
  unsigned int maxidx, ecx_in;
  int next;
 
  int cache_type,cache_level,cache_selfinit,cache_fullyassoc;
  int cache_linesize,cache_partitions,cache_ways,cache_sets;
 
  PAPI_mh_cache_info_t *c;
 
  *num_levels=0;
 
  cpuid2(&eax,&ebx,&ecx,&edx, 0, 0);
  maxidx = eax;
  
  if (maxidx<4) {
    MEMDBG("Warning!  CPUID Index 4 not supported!\n");
    return PAPI_ENOSUPP;
  }
 
  ecx_in=0;
  while(1) {
    cpuid2(&eax,&ebx,&ecx,&edx, 4, ecx_in);
 
 
    
    /* decoded as per table 3-12 in Intel Software Developer's Manual Volume 2A */
     
    cache_type=eax&0x1f;
    if (cache_type==0) break;     
     
    cache_level=(eax>>5)&0x3;
    cache_selfinit=(eax>>8)&0x1;
    cache_fullyassoc=(eax>>9)&0x1;
 
    cache_linesize=(ebx&0xfff)+1;
    cache_partitions=((ebx>>12)&0x3ff)+1;
    cache_ways=((ebx>>22)&0x3ff)+1;
       
    cache_sets=(ecx)+1;
 
    /* should we export this info?
 
    cache_maxshare=((eax>>14)&0xfff)+1;
    cache_maxpackage=((eax>>26)&0x3f)+1;
     
    cache_wb=(edx)&1;
    cache_inclusive=(edx>>1)&1;
    cache_indexing=(edx>>2)&1;
    */
 
    if (cache_level>*num_levels) *num_levels=cache_level;
 
    /* find next slot available to hold cache info */
    for ( next = 0; next < PAPI_MH_MAX_LEVELS - 1; next++ ) {
        if ( mh_info->level[cache_level-1].cache[next].type == PAPI_MH_TYPE_EMPTY ) break;
    }
 
    c=&(mh_info->level[cache_level-1].cache[next]);
 
    switch(cache_type) {
      case 1: MEMDBG("L%d Data Cache\n",cache_level); 
    c->type=PAPI_MH_TYPE_DATA;
    break;
      case 2: MEMDBG("L%d Instruction Cache\n",cache_level); 
    c->type=PAPI_MH_TYPE_INST;
    break;
      case 3: MEMDBG("L%d Unified Cache\n",cache_level); 
    c->type=PAPI_MH_TYPE_UNIFIED;
    break;
    }
     
    if (cache_selfinit) { MEMDBG("\tSelf-init\n"); }
    if (cache_fullyassoc) { MEMDBG("\tFully Associtative\n"); }
     
    //MEMDBG("\tMax logical processors sharing cache: %d\n",cache_maxshare);
    //MEMDBG("\tMax logical processors sharing package: %d\n",cache_maxpackage);
     
    MEMDBG("\tCache linesize: %d\n",cache_linesize);
 
    MEMDBG("\tCache partitions: %d\n",cache_partitions);
    MEMDBG("\tCache associaticity: %d\n",cache_ways);
 
    MEMDBG("\tCache sets: %d\n",cache_sets);
    MEMDBG("\tCache size = %dkB\n",
       (cache_ways*cache_partitions*cache_linesize*cache_sets)/1024);
 
    //MEMDBG("\tWBINVD/INVD acts on lower caches: %d\n",cache_wb);
    //MEMDBG("\tCache is not inclusive: %d\n",cache_inclusive);
    //MEMDBG("\tComplex cache indexing: %d\n",cache_indexing);
 
    c->line_size=cache_linesize;
    if (cache_fullyassoc) {
       c->associativity=SHRT_MAX;
    }
    else {
       c->associativity=cache_ways;
    }
    c->size=(cache_ways*cache_partitions*cache_linesize*cache_sets);
    c->num_lines=cache_ways*cache_partitions*cache_sets;
     
    ecx_in++;
  }
  return PAPI_OK;
}
 
static int
init_intel_leaf2( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info , int *num_levels)
{
    /* cpuid() returns memory copies of 4 32-bit registers
     * this union allows them to be accessed as either registers
     * or individual bytes. Remember that Intel is little-endian.
     */
    union
    {
        struct
        {
            unsigned int ax, bx, cx, dx;
        } e;
        unsigned char descrip[16];
    } reg;
 
    int r;                             /* register boundary index */
    int b;                             /* byte index into a register */
    int i;                             /* byte index into the descrip array */
    int t;                             /* table index into the static descriptor table */
    int count;                         /* how many times to call cpuid; from eax:lsb */
    int size;                          /* size of the descriptor table */
    int last_level = 0;                /* how many levels in the cache hierarchy */
 
    /* All of Intel's cache info is in 1 call to cpuid
     * however it is a table lookup :(
     */
    MEMDBG( "Initializing Intel Cache and TLB descriptors\n" );
 
#ifdef DEBUG
    if ( ISLEVEL( DEBUG_MEMORY ) )
        print_intel_cache_table(  );
#endif
 
    reg.e.ax = 0x2;          /* function code 2: cache descriptors */
    cpuid( &reg.e.ax, &reg.e.bx, &reg.e.cx, &reg.e.dx );
 
    MEMDBG( "e.ax=%#8.8x e.bx=%#8.8x e.cx=%#8.8x e.dx=%#8.8x\n",
            reg.e.ax, reg.e.bx, reg.e.cx, reg.e.dx );
    MEMDBG
        ( ":\nd0: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nd1: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nd2: %#x %#x %#x %#x\nd3: %#x %#x %#x %#x\n",
          reg.descrip[0], reg.descrip[1], reg.descrip[2], reg.descrip[3],
          reg.descrip[4], reg.descrip[5], reg.descrip[6], reg.descrip[7],
          reg.descrip[8], reg.descrip[9], reg.descrip[10], reg.descrip[11],
          reg.descrip[12], reg.descrip[13], reg.descrip[14], reg.descrip[15] );
 
    count = reg.descrip[0];  /* # times to repeat CPUID call. Not implemented. */
 
    /* Knights Corner at least returns 0 here */
    if (count==0) goto early_exit;
 
    size = ( sizeof ( intel_cache ) / sizeof ( struct _intel_cache_info ) );    /* # descriptors */
    MEMDBG( "Repeat cpuid(2,...) %d times. If not 1, code is broken.\n",
            count );
    if (count!=1) {
       fprintf(stderr,"Warning: Unhandled cpuid count of %d\n",count);
    }
 
    for ( r = 0; r < 4; r++ ) { /* walk the registers */
        if ( ( reg.descrip[r * 4 + 3] & 0x80 ) == 0 ) { /* only process if high order bit is 0 */
            for ( b = 3; b >= 0; b-- ) {    /* walk the descriptor bytes from high to low */
                i = r * 4 + b;  /* calculate an index into the array of descriptors */
                if ( i ) {   /* skip the low order byte in eax [0]; it's the count (see above) */
                   if ( reg.descrip[i] == 0xff ) {
                      MEMDBG("Warning! PAPI x86_cache: must implement cpuid leaf 4\n");
                      return PAPI_ENOSUPP;
                      /* we might continue instead */
                      /* in order to get TLB info  */
                      /* continue;                 */
                   }
                    for ( t = 0; t < size; t++ ) {  /* walk the descriptor table */                    
                        if ( reg.descrip[i] == intel_cache[t].descriptor ) {    /* find match */
                            if ( intel_cache[t].level > last_level )
                                last_level = intel_cache[t].level;
                            intel_decode_descriptor( &intel_cache[t],
                                                     mh_info->level );
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
early_exit:
    MEMDBG( "# of Levels: %d\n", last_level );
    *num_levels=last_level;
    return PAPI_OK;
}
 
 
static int
init_intel( PAPI_mh_info_t * mh_info, int *levels )
{
 
  int result;
  int num_levels;
 
  /* try using the oldest leaf2 method first */
  result=init_intel_leaf2(mh_info, &num_levels);
  
  if (result!=PAPI_OK) {
     /* All Core2 and newer also support leaf4 detection */
     /* Starting with Westmere *only* leaf4 is supported */
     result=init_intel_leaf4(mh_info, &num_levels);
  }
 
  *levels=num_levels;
  return PAPI_OK;
}
 
 
/* Returns 1 if hypervisor detected */
/* Returns 0 if none found.         */
int 
_x86_detect_hypervisor(char *vendor_name)
{
  unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
  char hyper_vendor_id[13];
 
  cpuid2(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx,0x1,0);
  /* This is the hypervisor bit, ecx bit 31 */
  if  (ecx&0x80000000) {
    /* There are various values in the 0x4000000X range */
    /* It is questionable how standard they are         */
    /* For now we just return the name.                 */
    cpuid2(&eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx, 0x40000000,0);
    memcpy(hyper_vendor_id + 0, &ebx, 4);
    memcpy(hyper_vendor_id + 4, &ecx, 4);
    memcpy(hyper_vendor_id + 8, &edx, 4);
    hyper_vendor_id[12] = '\0';
    strncpy(vendor_name,hyper_vendor_id,PAPI_MAX_STR_LEN);
    return 1;
  }
  else {
    strncpy(vendor_name,"none",PAPI_MAX_STR_LEN);
  }
  return 0;
}