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\chapter{Essentials}
\setcounter{page}{1}
\pagenumbering{arabic}

\section{PLASMA}

PLASMA is a software library, currently implemented using the FORTRAN and C programming languages,
and providing interfaces for FORTRAN and C.
It has been designed to be efficient on {\em homogeneous} multicore processors and \mbox{multi-socket}
systems of multicore processors. The name PLASMA is an acronym for {\em Parallel Linear Algebra
Software for Multi-core Architectures}.

PLASMA project website is located at:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma}
\end{link_url}

PLASMA software can be downloaded from:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma/software/}
\end{link_url}

PLASMA users' forum is located at:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma/forum/}
\end{link_url}
and can be used to post general questions and comments as well as to report technical problems.

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\section{Problems that PLASMA Can Solve}

PLASMA can solve dense systems of linear equations and linear least squares problems and associated
computations such as matrix factorizations.
Unlike LAPACK, currently PLASMA does not solve eigenvalue or singular value problems and does not
support band matrices.
Similarly to LAPACK, PLASMA does not support general sparse matrices.
For all supported types of computation the same functionality is provided for real and complex
matrices in single precision and double precision.

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\section{Computers for which PLASMA is Suitable}

PLASMA is designed to give high efficiency on homogeneous multicore processors and \mbox{multi-socket}
systems of multicore processors. As of today, the majority of such systems are \mbox{on-chip} symmetric
multiprocessors with classic \mbox{\em super-scalar} processors as their building blocks (x86 and alike)
augmented with \mbox{short-vector} SIMD extensions (SSE and alike).
A parallel software project MAGMA (Matrix Algebra on GPU and Multicore
Architectures), is being developed to address the needs of
heterogeneous (hybrid) systems, equipped with hardware accelerators,
such as GPUs.
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/magma}
\end{link_url}
The name MAGMA is an acronym for

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\section{PLASMA versus LAPACK and ScaLAPACK}

PLASMA has been designed to supercede LAPACK (and eventually ScaLAPACK), principally by restructuring the software
to achieve much greater efficiency, where possible, on modern computers based on multicore processors.
PLASMA also relies on new or improved algorithms.

Currently, PLASMA does not serve as a complete replacement of LAPACK due to limited functionality.
Specifically, PLASMA does not support band matrices and does not solve eigenvalue and singular
value problems.
At this point, PLASMA does not replace ScaLAPACK as software for distributed memory computers, since it
only supports \mbox{shared-memory} machines.

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\section{Error handling}

At the highest level (LAPACK interfaces), PLASMA reports errors through the
INFO integer parameter in the same manner as the LAPACK subroutines. 
INFO$<0$ means that there is an invalid argument in the calling sequence and no
computation has been performed; INFO$=0$ means that the computation has been
performed and no error has been issued; while INFO$>0$ means that a numerical
error has occured (e.g., no convergence in an eigensolver) or the input data is
(numerically) invalid (e.g., in xPOSV, the input matrix is not positive
definite). In any event, PLASMA returns the same INFO parameter as LAPACK.
When a numerical error is detected (INFO$>0$), the computation aborts as soon
as possible which implies that, in this case,
two different executions may very well have the current data in various states.
While the output state of LAPACK is predictible and
reproducible in the occurence of a numerical error, the one of PLASMA is not.

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\section{PLASMA and the BLAS}

LAPACK routines are written so that as much as possible of the computation is performed by calls
to the Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS).
Highly efficient \mbox{machine-specific} implementations of the BLAS are available for most modern
processors, including \mbox{multi-threaded} implementations.

The parallel algorithms in PLASMA are built using a small set of sequential routines as building
blocks.
These routines are referred to as {\em core BLAS}.
Ideally, these routines would be implemented through monolithic \mbox{machine-specific} code, utilizing
to the maximum \mbox{a single} processing core (through the use of \mbox{short-vector} SIMD extensions
and appropriate cache and register blocking).

However, such \mbox{machine-specific} implementations are extremely
labor-intensive and covering the entire spectrum of available
architectures is not feasible.
Instead, the core BLAS routines are built in a somewhat suboptimal fashion, by using the
``standard'' BLAS routines as building blocks.
For that reason, just like LAPACK, PLASMA requires a highly optimized implementation of the BLAS
in order to deliver good performance.

Although the BLAS are not part of either PLASMA or LAPACK, FORTRAN code for the
BLAS is distributed with LAPACK, or can be obtained separately from Netlib:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas.tgz}
\end{link_url}
However, it has to be emphasized that this code is only the ``reference implementation'' (the definition
of the BLAS) and cannot be expected to deliver good performance. On most of today's machines it will
deliver performance an order of magnitude lower than that of optimized BLAS.

For information on available optimized BLAS libraries, as well as other \mbox{BLAS-related} questions,
please refer to the BLAS FAQ:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/blas/faq.html}
\end{link_url}

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\section{Availability of PLASMA}

PLASMA is distributed in source code and is, for the most part, meant to be compiled from source
on the host system.
In certain cases, a \mbox{pre-built} binary may be provided along with the source code.
Such packages, built by the PLASMA developers, will be provided as separate archives on the
PLASMA download page:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma/software/}
\end{link_url}
The PLASMA team does not reserve exclusive right to provide such packages. They can be provided
by other individuals or institutions.
However, in case of problems with binary distributions acquired from other places, the provider
needs to be asked for support rather than PLASMA developers.

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\section{Commercial Use of PLASMA}

PLASMA is a freely available software package.
Thus it can be included in commercial packages.
The PLASMA team asks only that proper credit be given by citing this users' guide as the official
reference for PLASMA.

Like all software, this package is copyrighted. It is not trademarked.
However, if modifications are made that affect the interface,
functionality, or accuracy of the resulting software, the name of the
routine should be changed and the modifications to the software should
be noted in the modifier's documentation.

The PLASMA team will gladly answer questions regarding this software.
If modifications are made to the software, however, it is the responsibility of the individual or
institution who modified the routine to provide support.

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\section{Installation of PLASMA}

A PLASMA installer is available at:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma/software/}
\end{link_url}
Further details are provided in the  chapter \ref{install} \texttt{Installing PLASMA}.

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\section{Documentation of PLASMA}

PLASMA package comes with a variety of pdf and html documentation.
\begin{itemize}
	\item The PLASMA Users Guide (this document)
	\item The PLASMA README
	\item The PLASMA Installation Guide
	\item The PLASMA Routine Description
	\item The PLASMA and Tau Guide
	\item The PLASMA Routine browsing
\end{itemize}
You will find all of these in the documentation section on the PLASMA website \url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma}.


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\section{Support for PLASMA}

PLASMA has been thoroughly tested before release, using multiple
combinations of machine architectures, compilers and BLAS libraries.
The PLASMA project supports the package in the sense that reports of errors or poor performance
will gain immediate attention from the developers. Such reports -- and also descriptions of interesting
applications and other comments -- should be posted to the PLASMA users' forum:
\begin{link_url}
\url{http://icl.cs.utk.edu/plasma/forum/}
\end{link_url}

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\section{Funding}

The PLASMA project is funded in part by the National Science Foundation, U.~S. Department of Energy,
Microsoft Corporation, and The MathWorks Inc.

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